Civil Rights Analysis in America - 1391 Words

Introduction America is one of the most respected countries in the world; because of its maintenance of peace and because of its history. Racism was however mostly practiced here (Skog 2011). Racism was between the blacks and the whites. The whites did not want to accept the fact that blacks can be as smart as they are. They did not want them in their country but mostly ruling in their country. Civil Right Analysis In the 1940s a research was conducted and the report proved that the white people did not value the blacks. They did not see the black Americans like one of them. The period of slavery had ended, but it was evident that among them slavery was still there in the sense that the whites did not welcome the blacks well. Even after the end of slavery in 1865, nothing was the same again. The blacks who were in America never felt as if they were home (Skog 2011). From politicians to neighbors, the Blacks could not go to the same school as the white; institutions owned by whites could not employ a black man. This is how discriminating America was back in 1940s. It is the work of the government to stop such things but the politicians were at the front line promoting this. The goals of the politicians were not to stop racism but to seek power that is why it took long for the whites to accept the blacks in their community. If they told their people to stop racism and accept the black because the y are human beings, they would. America was their country and they had no otherShow MoreRelatedThe White Race And Its Heroes1623 Words   |  7 PagesPrimary Source Analysis: Cleaver, E. â€Å"The White Race and Its Heroes.† in Souls on Ice, 65-83. New York: Dell Press, 1968. Journalist, civil rights activist and criminal are some of the connotations attached to Eldridge Cleaver; a prominent figure of the radical shift in the civil rights movement during the 1960s and early 1970s. Cleaver spent a majority of his upbringing in youth reform schools and prisons within the state of California, which as evidence will show, affected greatly upon his workRead MoreA Sociological Look at the Feminist Movement the Civil Rights Movement1686 Words   |  7 PagesThe Feminist Movement The Civil Rights Movement Lauren Greene SYG2000 Tuesday/Thursday 5:00 pm December 9, 2012 Social Movements Impact Western Culture For centuries, large groups of individuals have come together to oppose prevailing ideas, challenge conformity and promote great change in beliefs, government policy and overall social reform. Whether it is an instinctual component of human existence or a way of survival as learned from previous generations, social reformRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement By Charles W. Eagles780 Words   |  4 Pages Ten years after Fairclough article, another author continues the discussion of historians and their attempt to analysis the civil rights movement. Charles W. Eagles’ article â€Å"Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era† provides further supporting evidence that scholars fail to analyze the movement to its fullest potential. Eagles utilizes diplomatic historian John Lewis Gaddis analogy of historians studying the cold car. According to Gaddis, cold war scholars â€Å"reflected the contemporaneousRead MoreThe During The Civil War875 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades that proceeded before the Civil War had taken place, Americans witnessed an abundance of trial, error, and triumph during their attempt to revise the American society. Some of the main focal points of the remaking of our society would have been the Market Revolution, Urbanization, Abolition, States Rights and Westward Expansion. Without these contributing factors, our society may not have excelled in the ways that it did prior to the Civil War. (The Pre-Civil War Era (1815–1850). SparkNotesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film The Watsons Go At Birmingham Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesMy Project: Analysis of the film The Watsons Go to Birmingham 1. I will use the following course reading in my analysis: Wallace Thurman, â€Å"The Blacker the Berry†. 2. I will use the following lecture material in my analysis: lectures from section on race to be determined and the lecture on racial identity. 3. I will analyze my subject (The Watsons Go to Birmingham) from the perspective of: race. 4. I will need to do dependent research on the following subjects: history of the Civil Rights Movement emphasisRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Analysis806 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† Likita M. Taylor ITT-Tech English 1320: Composition I November 12 2012 Rhetorical Analysis of Martin Luther King’s Speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† These are the opening words of Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I have a dream speech†, which he predicted will be the foundation of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreConsequences of the American Civil Rights Act of 19641192 Words   |  5 Pages Observing half a century of an equality stimulating law: an economic review on the consequences of the American Civil Right act of 1964 Introduction The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, enacted on July 2nd, 1964) is a milestone in the law history of the United States of America, which prohibited major forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations. In commemoration of the 50th anniversaryRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Robert Bellahs Civil Religion Essay example1088 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Civil Religion In America by Robert H. Bellah Robert N. Bellah Civil Religion In America was written in the winter of 1967 and is copyrighted by the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences from the issue entitled religion in America. In his writings Bellah Explains the idea and workings of Civil Religion in the United States; this chapter was written for a Dà ¦dalus conference on American Religion in May 1966. It was reprinted with commentsRead MorePersuasive Speech895 Words   |  4 Pagesthese motivational individuals’ language and persuasion played a pivotal role within the civil rights movement, the movement that achieved the most important breakthrough in the equal rights legislation. We can observe this in the speakers’ rhetoric devices like ethos, logos and pathos. On the fiftieth anniversary of the events on â€Å"Bloody Sunday†, Obama gave a speech filled with encouraging words about how far America has come. Throughout his speech he included various pathos examples. Essentially, heRead MoreThe North And South Fought The Civil War811 Words   |  4 Pages Suppose you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following: The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different. This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information

The Relationship Between Language and Ethnic Identity a...

Name: Garfield The Relationship between Language and Ethnic Identity in China: A focus on the Tibetan Language To begin with, according to the background history of the Tibetan language, it is not mere a language like modern English with a wide extend of speakers who can comprehend each other easily depending on familiar vocabulary, grammar. As an old linguistic proverb states: â€Å"a dialect is a language without an army and a language is a dialect with an army, and Tibetan can be considered as a set of languages instead of dialects† (Congressional-Executive Commission on China, 2003, p.5). In tradition, language represents the culture of each ethnic, and has a great effect on ethnic identity. If a language of one ethnic group is†¦show more content†¦The aim of bilingual education is weakening the impact of the Tibetan language on Tibet’s society instead of expanding the influence of Chinese. In Tibet, different people have different views on bilingual education. For young Tibetans, they benefit from bilingual education which offers chance for them to learn both Ch inese and the Tibetan language. Hence they will acquire a certain basic compression of both languages. After graduation, they may think Chinese is more useful because at this time, a lot of official documents, notices, and letters of certification are written in Chinese. Nevertheless, still a lot of Tibetans insist that teaching the Tibetan language must be strengthened in schools. Actually, culture, religion, economics, manufacturing abilities, and the natural environment are linked with the problem of keeping the Tibetan Language alive, which is complicated. Nevertheless, it is vital for a nation to maintain and cultivate its culture depending on language, especially Tibetan, through its cultural identity in China. School education cannot grow in a certain way unless solving the language dilemma.(Nima, 2008) The dilemma of the Tibetan language is that the rising of Chinese but the falling of Tibetan in society. Without doubt, Tibetan language is the ego of Tibet, without language they will lose their uniqueness and identity. Therefore, teaching and developing Tibetan language should be theShow MoreRelatedEssay about China and Tibet4535 Words   |  19 Pagesand The Anatomy of Compromise â€Å"The issue involved is the extinction of the people, the Tibetan People†¦No sir, what I have in mind is the extinction of the Tibetans as a distinct people, with its traditions, its own way of life and its own type of religion.† Tsiang, China’s Permanent UN Representative, 1953 â€Å"The Communist have, for the past 50 years, imposed their revolution upon unwilling Tibetan peasants and nomads, and have ruled Tibet by threat, or often the actual use, of force. ButRead More Ethnic Minority Education in China: Finding a Path between Tradition and Development3646 Words   |  15 PagesEthnic Minority Education in China: Finding a Path between Tradition and Development Introduction Educating a nation is no simple task. Even in the United States—which boasts a substantial tradition of public education, political stability, economic prosperity and a strong middle class—issues such gender and racial equality, diversity, and budget reality still cause continuous debate. For a nation like China, the task of educating its people is even more daunting. China has a populationRead MoreEssay about Ethnography: Ainu2155 Words   |  9 Pagesproviding financial support for the Ainu arts (Dab 10). 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School of Management Northwestern PolytechnicalRead MoreGlobal Cultural Analysis: China8072 Words   |  33 Pagessize†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..20 5.1.7 Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Conclusion 21 Annotated bibliography 22 References 27 Abstract In this paper, I will focus on the cultural issues, which American investors wishing to venture into the Chinese market need to learn. It has been noted that different countries have different cultural backgrounds and organizations need to understand the culture, economy, andRead MoreWgu E-Business Expansion Proposal Essay13960 Words   |  56 PagesStrategically marketing and operating online 4. Provide direction on the strategic use of search engines 5. Counsel on social-media integration 6. Discuss online customer-relationship management 7. Provide e-commerce solutions 8. Review international considerations, including market strategy, organizational, language, cultural, and infrastructure 9. Offer projected Web-development and maintenance costs 10. Create a Web-site index, inclusive of all the aforementioned objectives. Read MoreA Study on Role of Advertisement in Promotion of Tourism in India15524 Words   |  63 Pagesor, * To  remind  customers about a destination or product, where it may be purchased or how it may be purchased (booked). * Good marketers see their business from the customer’s viewpoint and organize their entire enterprise to develop relationships with the customer based on trust. Marketing is the ability to develop a mix of marketing strategies to influence customers to buy products and services. 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Immigration to the United States and America Free Essays

Immigration Jennifer Lippert ENG/102 March 12, 2012 Dr. Kimberly Stanley In the United States of America, we live in a sea of opportunity. Many people come from other countries to live in America to explore those opportunities, but the laws governing immigration have failed to change with the ever-increasing immigrant population. We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration to the United States and America or any similar topic only for you Order Now We watch as Border States deal with the rising costs to support immigrants and wonder whether this was what the founding fathers had in mind when the first Immigration Laws were passed. We wonder about the effects on America’s economy as our immigrant population work in this country then send these U. S. dollars to their home country to support their families. We observe an ever-changing landscape continually affected by the legal and illegal immigrants who land in our great country. We contemplate whether America is the land of opportunity and the land of the free, or simply a place for immigrants to land and live for free. As citizens, it is not only our right, but also our duty, to question our leaders and our laws particularly when those laws no longer appear to fit America’s vision. Immigration laws have remained stagnant for far too long and, although immigrants were the founding fathers of our nation, it is time to examine America’s position before the social and economic costs become insurmountable. America’s founding fathers believed that immigration was necessary to increase the population of our country, but also believed that they must prove a loyalty only to America to become citizens. Beginning with George Washington, in the late eighteenth century, a statement was made that immigrants should be integrated into American life so that Fonte  Ã‚  (n. . ) â€Å"by an intermixture with our people, they, or their descendants, get assimilated to our customs, measures, laws: in a word soon become one people. â€Å"This then became a new basis for immigration. In this case, the term â€Å"assimilates† means to conform to a way of life. In a 1790 speech to Congress about immigration, James Madison argued that America should welcome those immigrants who could be incorporated into our society, but exclude those immigrants that could not readily assimilate. Thomas Jefferson was convinced that immigrants were not prepared for the new society America was building and thought the country should wait another 27 year before opening its shores. In fact, when addressing immigration in Notes on the State of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson wrote: Fonte  Ã‚  (n. d. ) They will bring with them the principles of the governments they leave, imbibed in their early youth; or, if able to throw them off, it will be in exchange for an unbounded licentiousness, passing, as is usual, from one extreme to another. It would be a miracle were they to stop precisely at the point of temperate liberty. These principles, with their language, they will transmit to their children. In proportion to their numbers, they will share with us the legislation. They will infuse into it their spirit, warp and bias its direction, and render it a heterogeneous, incoherent, distracted mass. In other words, by allowing a mass immigration into such a new society, America could be allowing the immigrant population to distort the principles established by our new laws and policies. To some degree, Alexander Hamilton echoed the thoughts of Thomas Jefferson, but his emphasis was on the threat to national safety. His concern was in granting citizenship to every immigrant upon arrival in the country. He believed that there should be some proof of allegiance to America before any rights were given to new immigrants. However, both Jefferson and Hamilton shared the same beliefs that immigrants should conform to the ways of America and leave their old government attachments behind. After much debate, it appeared that Jefferson and Hamilton could claim a small victory. The Naturalization Law of 1795 was passed, which required that before becoming American citizens, immigrants would have to â€Å"renounce under oath† all previous sovereign allegiances. This â€Å"renunciation clause† remains part of the naturalization law and part of the oath to the U. S. Constitution that all new citizens must take. (Fonte,  n. d. ). Changes in immigration laws over the past two centuries have certainly contributed to the overall rise in U. S. immigration statistics, but it would take almost a century before the first amendment to that law would take shape. The Naturalization Law of 1795 required five years of residence and a three-year waiting period before citizenship was granted. This allowed new immigrants the opportunity to assimilate and demonstrate allegiance to America. However, by 1868, with he end of the Civil War, the population was burgeoning with ex-slaves and their descendants who had been brought to this country without the rights of citizenship. In fact, in 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that African Americas were not citizens and were not entitled to the rights and privileges of citizenship. In order to rectify the situati on, the Fourteenth amendment was passed which granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States of America. Interestingly enough, it would take another war and its devastation to bring about a new amendment to U. S. immigration law in 1921 with the Emergency Quota Act. Following World War I, the country faced widespread unemployment and an anti-immigration uprising. This Act limited the number of immigrants allowed to enter America from any country on an annual basis to three percent of the number of residents from that same country according to the 1910 census with the hope of maintaining the ethnic composition of America. While the quota system remained in effect until 1965, there was one additional revision to the Emergency Quota Act in 1952 with the Immigration Act of 1952, which revised the quotas and eliminated racial distinctions from immigration policy. National quotas were eventually abolished entirely in the Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 at the height of the Civil Rights movement, changing the face of America, as it was then known. According to 2011 Census statistics, the U. S. immigrant population continues to change the face of America. Not only do non-whites account for ninety two percent of the U. S. population growth in the past ten years, but also forty million foreign-born individuals now reside in the United States, making up almost thirteen percent of our population. Most of this population lives in metropolitan areas rather than the suburbs, with estimates as high as fifty percent of the population in twenty-two large cities across America. In fact, nine metropolitan areas saw their immigrant population double in the last ten years, but the five cities with the largest immigrant populations (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami and Houston) actually decreased their share of this part of the population over the last ten years dropping to a total of 38 percent of the population in 2010 compared to 43 percent in 2000. In some areas of the country, rapid growth in immigration population may create policy backlashes, which could ultimately threaten these places’ long-standing economic comfort. Given the current economic climate and high unemployment rates, do the most recent census figures show any relationship with rising immigration levels? The best available evidence suggests that neither legal nor unauthorized immigration is the cause of high unemployment, and that the higher wages and purchasing power which formerly unauthorized immigrants would enjoy were they to receive legal status would sustain new jobs (American Immigration Council,  2012). In order to make informed decisions regarding immigration reform, however, we cannot limit our assessment to the changing face of our nation; we must also examine the economic cost to the United States. Recent studies have shown that the United States spends $113 billion annually to support both legal and illegal immigrants, but much of the total U. S. burden is borne by only a few Border States. California, for example, reports spending close to ten billion dollars a year to support its immigration population, which now accounts for almost forty three percent of its total population. Texas reports spending $4. 5 to $6 billion per year sustaining its illegal immigrant population and Arizona drops $2. 7 billion on its immigrant population. While Border States would likely argue for more stringent laws to limit the number of immigrants allowed to enter the country in order to lessen their burden, there are also States that would argue against reform to the immigration system due to its projected adverse effect on their economy. For instance, Kansas has reported that it could possibly lose up to $57. 3 million in their income if stricter immigration laws come into affect. They claim that with change in immigration laws only comes a higher tax for their state. Kansas also claims that the State will lose millions of dollars in court costs alone if the law makes it difficult for immigrants to live and work in their State. As staggering as these numbers are, other studies show that immigrants have actually boosted the U. S. economy by bringing in $245 million to the gross domestic product. This estimate, however, is nothing compared to estimated wages of foreign employees working in the United States for less than one year which grew from $550 million in $1980 to $8. billion in 2003. These earnings, in turn, are partially returned to immigrant workers’ home countries to help support families in the form of remittances out of the United States. In fact, a study by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in 2003 reported that â€Å"a considerable share of all immigration is motivated at least in part by the opportunity to send home remittances. † Acco rding to the study, workers’ remittances from the United States went from $4. 1 billion in 1981 to $25. 5 billion in 2003. While these reported numbers sound staggering, remittances are not considered to have a negative impact on the U. S. economy. In fact, the study also notes that remittances exceed U. S. government provided development assistance to developing countries and may be partially responsible for keeping the cost of such assistance down. America is the land of opportunity. When we look at current immigration laws, our founding fathers’ vision for growth in this country remains intact. In fact, the ideas brought forth by Jefferson and Hamilton for allegiance to the country is still a part of the renunciation oath taken by all new citizens. By the numbers, there is evidence to support immigration reform and there is evidence that the influx of immigrants to the United States actually help our economy. Until the country can come together as a whole to fully support immigration reform, it is likely that it will take another catastrophic event to catapult immigration to the forefront of American policy reform. References Kerwin, D. (2011). Fixing Immigration. (cover story). America, 205(18), 12. Fonte, J. (n. d. ). To â€Å"Possess the National Consciousness of an American†. Retrieved from http://www. cis. org Frey, W. H. , Berube, A. , Singer, A. amp; Wilson, J. (2011, December). Five things the census revealed about America in 2011. State of Metropolitan America, 48, 3-4. Retrieved from http://www. brookings. edu Shackleton, R. , Palriwala, A. , amp; Gordon, A. (2005, May). Remittances: International Payments by Immigrants. The Congress of the United Stated congressional budget office. Retrieved from http://www. h sdl. org Bad for Business: How Anti-Immigrant Laws Can Hurt the Kansas Economy. (2011). Retrieved from http://immigrationpolicy. org American Immigration Council. (2012). Immigration Reform and Growth. Retrieved from http://immigrationpolicy. org How to cite Immigration to the United States and America, Papers

Distributive Behavioral Therapy Hypnotherapeutic Treatment

Question: Describe about the Case Study of Distributive Behavioral Therapy for Hypnotherapeutic Treatment. Answer: Case study 1- Hypnotherapeutic Treatment (DBT) for Anxiety This case study examines the use of distributive- behavioral technique (DBT) which is a type of hypno-therapeutic treatment in detail. Mrs. X, 60 years old woman has come for DBT treatment due to anxiety. This case study explains about the patients profile, history of the patient, coping skills and weaknesses, physical, emotional and sensory problems to determine and create the basic foundation for implementing best treatment modality (Defazio, 2010, p. 34- 47) by using an eclectic hypno-therapeutic method to treat anxiety disorders (Bogels, 2010, p. 168-189). The data obtained from Mrs. X based on the various sections of hypnosis will help to work towards achieving the positive and realistic goals (Robbins et al, 2009, p. 1163-1184). In this case study, an evaluation of the existing psychological- analytical issues related to anxiety of Mrs. X will be done and clear understanding of the social, cultural, economical, environmental and personal life aspects relating to anxiety of Mrs. X will be achieved. The aggravating factors for anxiety that has affected the daily activities of Mrs. X were discovered. Hypnotherapy is an effective treatment used to control anxiety that helps to align the hypno- cognitive and behavioral therapies. It aids in adjusting the un-wanted behavior as an appropriate interventional strategy (Green, 2014, p. 199-212). The sessions included in this case essay is based on evidence- related practice for managing Mrs. X by using DBT in treating her anxiety (Robbins, 2009, p.1163-1184). Background information In 2005, Ajzen states that an individuals behavior is affected by the factors that exert their effects on it. Therefore the background information is clearly discussed here. Mrs. X is a 60 year old woman lost her very caring husband six months before due to a road traffic accident in front of her. She has two sons and one daughter. Her elder son lives away from her in other city, who visits her once in a year and younger son lives in other country and rarely visits her. Her daughter, Karen visits her once in 2 months. She lives alone and feels isolated as no one is there to take care of her. She tends to forget even the basic life activities which makes her feel unworthy. She has lost all her confidence and feels isolated. Her husband was her best friend and she misses him very much. She has only 2 friends and will talk to them over phone rarely. Previously, she worked in a large organization in a managerial position and loves to work but she couldnt work because of her illness. She is unable to adapt and cope with the stress existing in her life. She expresses that she is not able to concentrate in her life activities. Mrs. X states that when she thinks about her life, she will start taking short- breath, shivering, sweating excessively, pounding heart beat, butterflies in stomach, heart-burn, flushed and feels nauseated to the point to vomit and as an impending doom (Beyondblue, n. d.). She expresses that she is burden to her family and world and wanted to commit suicide. Her neck becomes stiff and has pain in shoulders, back and neck. She always feels tensed and anxious unnecessarily. She has no goals in her life and is ready to die. She has sleeping disturbance and gets night- mares, panic attacks, jitters, wobby legs and feels exhausted, tired and unable to go for a walk like before (DSM-V, APA, 2013). Her heart rate: 86 beats/ mins, respiratory rate: 24 breaths/ min, blood pressure: 150/ 100 mm Hg is increased. She smokes cigarettes (5/day), drinks alcohol occasionally and uses cannabis regularly. She is a know case of diabetes, asthma and hypertension for past 20 years and is on drugs. Her mo ther was having anxiety and took anti- anxiety drugs. Problem Description Mrs. X shows behavioral symptoms as with-drawn features, avoids situations as consulting a doctor for health and forces to rituals to relieve anxiety. She is not assertive and avoids eye contact during conversation. She is unable to take decisions and startles frequently. She has physical symptoms as racing heart, shortness in breathing, vomits and regurgitates often. She complains of stomach pain and heart burn at times of anxiety. She guards neck, shoulder and jaw by expressing as pain (DSM-V, APA, 2013). She looks much tensed and is detached to her environment. She has difficulty in sleeping due to night mares. She has increased sweating, shivering and difficulty to concentrate. She has hot flushes and numbness with tingling sensation in both legs. She always feels light headed and faints. She expressed her altered thoughts as I am doing crazy things, I couldnt control my-self, I am going to die now, I wont live, others are always talking behind me, having terrible dreams, getting flashback of my husbands death, unable to stop worrying and unwanted thoughts. She has feelings of fear when seeing her husbands photos, hospitals and watching sensational scenes in television. She expresses that she has medical problem that is undiagnosed and worried about health condition. She is feeling dreadful and bad thing is going to happen. She is constantly tensed and nervous and has panic attacks that are un-controllable. Understanding of the problem Analyzing the history of Mrs. X, suggests that she demonstrates the features of anxiety disorders specifically generalized- anxiety disorder. The features of anxiety will be expressed for at least 6 months which is evident in the history of Mrs. X (DSM, V, APA, 2013). According to DSM criteria, the people with anxiety will be worried if they visualize or think about aggravating situation. She meets this criterion as she gets anxiety when thinks about her husband. She is unable to control her worries, physical symptoms, fatigue, difficult to concentrate, disturbance in sleep, tiredness as per DSM- V criteria. These features cause impairment in functioning and not meeting daily activities which is similar to X. She is a known case of performance anxiety which all suggests that X has anxiety disorder. Normally, anxiety occurs due to the arousal of the sympathetic- nervous system to trigger fight/ flight response and it is counteracted by the para-sympathetic nerves to restore homeostasi s and maintain equilibrium of a person when trigger is relieved (Gurgevich, 2016). If there is alteration in the serotonin synthesis, this nervous mechanism will be altered leading to continuous anxious state exhibiting its symptoms. Intervention Various psychotherapies should be given to X with anxiety as cognitive hypnotherapy, cognitive-behavior, inter-personal and cognitive-mindfulness therapy (beyondblue, n. d, 27). X should receive cognitive therapy to modify her feelings of anxiety, suicidal and negative thoughts by altered cognitive response (Segal, 2013, p. 12). She should be given with supportive therapies as reassurance, motivation to express her emotions, behavior training, relaxation techniques, etc. Individual and group therapies will help to divert her mind but engaging her in group therapy might be difficult (Fehr, 2016, p. 12). It could be overcome by promoting mutual relationship with the group members. Family therapy, behavior therapy with social- skills and assertiveness training should be given to overcome anxiety symptoms. Case study: 1 Cognitive-behavioral form of hypno-therapy (CBH) is the basis for modern hypno-therapy and hypno-psychotherapy.It is a type of hypnotherapy that combines the oldest concepts and techniques of hypnosis with modern theories of cognitive-behavioral science and cognitive behavioral technique.Hypno-therapy is useful in removing the disruptive thoughts (schemas), which is responsible for altered behavior and hence called as DBT (Bretherton, 2014). DBT helps to develop optimistic ideas, alleviate previous traumas, modify themselves and remove worst experiences (Walters, 1993. p. 37). At the beginning, the hypno-therapist and Mrs. X has to discuss and identify the negative schemas leading to challenging behaviors. This could be done by hypno-therapeutic sessions and/or talk- therapy (without hypnosis) (Bretherton, 2014). In this, the patient will be directed access to schema linked with this behavior. After identifying the negative schema, the therapist and patient will explore the causes of altered behavior as the nature of schema, thoughts associated with it, method of influence of schema on thoughts, emotional reward associated to supporting the schema to understand the associated components in schema (Bretherton, 2014). The advantages of this method is to relax and alert the patient, reduce distractions, eliminate negative thoughts, to get exact and clear answers and unfold the thoughts of the patient. After mapping the schema, the hypno-therapist will introduce suggestions to patients (hypnotized) and encouraging her to identify and trace out the schematic changes, which may lead to positive behaviors (Jensen et al, 2014). If a patient mentioned that only a depressed person will believe the thinking that has driven the schema, then a hypno-therapist may suggest the patient, which he/ she note for the way to gain happiness in his/ her life regularly. The hypno-therapist should confirm the altered schema by asking for yes response from the patient which is expected. DBT will aid to change the behavior within hypno-therapeutic context. The various steps of disruptive- behavioral technique are as follows. First step involves recognition of the behavioral pattern that aids to focus on it. Usually, the client himself will report to the therapist about their problems. But sometimes, the framed goal of therapy might not be adequate goal for inducing therapy. However, as with any hypnotherapy, the stated goal of therapy may not be the same as the actual goal. At times, the clients may request hypnosis for more concrete problem, which is limited/ differently considered than the real problem requiring assistance (Bretherton, 2014). Example: a patient with struggle in work and needs assistance for work stress might not understand that the work- behavior occurs due to the ignorance of other related issues, which might required to be solved well before those work- behaviors could be balanced. It is important to define the existing problem requiring solution appropriately. Because of this, the brain state could be noted clearly to have work- anxiety and appropriate measures could be taken. It has to be investigated before proceeding with hypnosis as it will reveal the importance of preparatory session of therapy that may help the patients to set goals for therapy in safest and non judgmental area. The next step involves discovering of main behavioral triggers. In this, the hypno-therapist and patient should work to-gather to find out the negative- schema that is linked with mal-adaptive behavior. Similar to cognitive- behavioral therapy (Cully et al, n. d.), DBT also involves identifying the framed problem clearly and circumstances under which it arises will give clue to solve the mal-adaptive behavior. It has to be done in trance- state in order to identify the structure as well as framing of schema. Many questions has to be asked to be address mal-adaptive behavior as the nature of schema, thoughts attached to that, context of schema, method by which the behavior is produced, type of event and environment that triggers the activation of schema and outcome of the mal-adaptive behavior that results due to schema. Body- talk is usually used in this session. Then appropriate aspect of the behavior and triggers should be identified (Bretherton, 2014). Understanding the clients language for key problems will ease the acceptance of schema. As it reduces the cortexs (frontal and parietal) involvement in understanding and processing the negative schema that is presented, will reduce the cognitive burden to ease the patient to think about the negative- schema, triggers and behavior. It benefits the therapists by helping to identify the patients primary (sensory and representational) system, and to frame the schema in the acceptable language. Due to this, the hypno-therapist will speak little to the frontal- cortex of the patient but more to the aspect of intuition. The next step is to identify the newer behavioral pattern to change the negative- scheman (Bretherton, 2014). The hypno-therapist and patient will work with mutual- trance to identify an acceptable behavior, which helps to redirect the beh avior response to any triggers making them to travel in a varied neural-pathway. The hypno-therapist will encourage the patient to identify the behavior that is plausible- response for a trigger, satisfies emotional needs and induces a varied behavior. Then, post- hypnotic suggestion will be embedded (Bretherton, 2014). In this, a good response to the triggers will be identified and the patient will be encouraged in adapting the newer behavior and remove the older schema. It is the most effective step. The final step involves helping patient to develop a newer behavior for daily life. Transcript of a section of therapy in general I want to spare 5 10 minutes to tell you about the approach. Generally, it is based on the observation of many people what our emotions feelings as well as behaviors in a specific situations follow from how we will think regarding these situations. My aim is to make you to understand as the way how you visualize the things especially important things in your life which is related to anxiety and to assist you to look at these behaviors objectively. We will try to analyze your behavior and modify it appropriately. Lets try to view the possibilities and change anxious feelings to help you to live a sound life. Outcomes The hypno-therapist will frame a post-therapy hypnotic suggestion with instructions what the behavior the patient will show after termination in the own language of the patient. It helps to accept, absorb and embed the newer behavior. It helps to transfer the older schema with a new behavior. It reinforces the neural pathways and develops stronger associations that are needed to change a behavior. The hypno-therapy session will help the patient to alter the older behavior, control the trigger and help the patient to develop newer behavior to adapt to the situations. It will help the patient to use the newer understanding to the world and control the triggering. Case study 2 Disruptive behavioral technique is best modality for anxiety in elderly people. The brain with anxious stimulation functions in a persistent highest state of alertness, which exhausts both brain and body. The amygdale, frontal- cortex as well as HPA will operate at a highest rate whereas the regulation of dopamine primes the negative valence attachment to experiences and there is an increased secretion of gluco-corticoids in the body (Bretherton, 2014). Based on the neurological aspect, the aim of the therapy lies in the restoration of normalized inhibition of HPA arising from hippo-campal region and to stop the feedback that arises from the frontal- cortex thus activating amygdale (Bretherton, 2014). It will also help to up-regulate serotonin, which helps to balance the activity of dopamine. As the deeper relaxation is already linked with hypnosis which is highly beneficent in interrupting anxiety cycle, the main aim with disruptive- behavioral therapy should be to change the respon se of the patient to the inducing triggers of anxiety and helps to distract and calm Mrs. X. The introduction of memories that relaxes Mrs. X will help to restore the hippo-campal areas inhibition and reinforcing the self-esteem behaviors, which will up-regulate the serotonin production will aid in anxiety relief. DBT is also used for lower self esteem in case of anxiety. Absence of self esteem will make an individual to become labile, highly stressed whereas good self esteem will enhance memory and cognitive- flexibility because regulated serotonin levels are extremely important for self-esteem (Bretherton, 2014). The lower self-esteem is connected with dis-regulation of orbito-frontal cortex as well as hippocampus. DBT helps to re-frame her helplessness as hypno-therapy is a plastic-state (Alladin, 2007). The lowered self-esteem with associated anxiety and depression lies in 4 perpetuating- schema as stable (cant be changed), global (linking to scenarios, events), internal (personal characteristics) and overwhelming (cant be controlled). Due to its neural plasticity, hypno-therapy is used to increase empathy (from mirror- neurons activity with attached support), relax, and reduce the involvement of ACC and stimulation of hippocampus with the sense of feeling good after an anxiety state. Moreover, DBT helps to destroy the older schema and replaces it with newer schema (Bretherton, 2014). It directs the neural pathway of Mrs. X to become anxious state to a newer neural pathway. DBT helps to relieve anxiety and low-esteem by introducing newer schema in many ways. It may help Mrs. X to recall her pleasant memories with husband and children as it will stimulate hippocampus that helps to destroy the negative schema and replace with constructive schema. It could be used in a traditional way to guide to explore better ways. DBT will help Mrs. X to identify the causes for anxiety behaviors and the ways to modify it. As DBT instills the newer behavior in the mind of Mrs. X, DBT is used for her. The study proposed by Raichle (2001) shows that hypnosis helps to make cognitive and behavioral modifications and reveals about differences in performance. DBT was selected for Mrs. X as she showed more behavioral features with feelings of with-drawn, isolated, no one is there to take care of her and avoiding behavior. DBT will aid her to replace her newer features with older pleasant memories by stimulating hippocampus. Further, she has no assertiveness and didnt keep eye contact while speaking and hence DBT is used to promote assertiveness (cognition). Posner (2007) states that hypnosis will guide to clearly understand the brain- systems and neural networks that arises due to the activation of specific part of brain through the analysis of cognition and emotion. So, DBT is used for X to understand her neural networks to re-direct it to newer pathway. As X is not performing her daily activities, DBT will help to understand the reason for it. Tang (2009) suggests that hypnotic state will help to maintain more connection of anterior-cingulate and para-sympathetic nerves which confirm that hypnosis is a best management method in anxiety relief. In 2009, Kounios states that hypnosis helps to identify the state of brain affecting in-sight achievement during problem- solving which confirm that DBT is best suited for X. The sensorial and sleep disturbances will affect the brain- state ultimately affecting the performance. Mrs. X with sleep disturbance will identified by hypnosis to improve her performance and relieve her physical symptoms. Anxiety varies based on the ageing of brain- networks and hypnosis will help to trace it accordingly (Kounios, 2009). Thus, DBT will help Mrs. X to relieve from behavioral symptoms which will in-turn relieves physical, emotional symptoms with oriented thought process. It will destroy her older behavior and introduce newer behavior. I thought that, DBT could be best used when a great inter- personal relationship is maintained with the client. Maintaining rapport will help to gain co-operation with anxiety patient and aid to improve concentration during the procedure. Gaining attention from anxiety patient is much difficult and hence rapport will gain attention from these patients. The conscious cognitive development of rapport will aid in the sub-versive un-conscious reaction for this therapy (Murdin Errington, 2005). The trust factor helps the patient to relax easily, pay attention and ventilate their positive and negative emotions freely. According to me, maintaining rapport is most important to practice DBT as it involves triggering the personal factors to analyze the source of anxiety. As a therapist, I have conducted the session only for 45 minutes which is adequate to gain attention and express her thoughts and behavior. I was able to collect both positive and negative behavior. I have maintained good rapport with eye contact. I have induced slowly with past memories. I have gathered all the triggering factors of her anxiety. First, I have started form herself from childhood, her parents, husband, children and her social relationship. I have asked about presenting symptoms and debilitating factors. From the conversation, I was able to understand that she is alone and feels isolated. I have analyzed that she is affected by her husbands memories who has passed away recently and no one to take care of her. She has expressed her feelings of worthlessness, inability to concentrate, unwilling to live and unable to perform her basic activities. This helped me to help her to recollect positive memories with her husband and children and methods to overcome triggers. I hav e given 10 sessions individually 3 times in a week for 45 minutes. I have targeted on her attention, memory, self- esteem, working, concentration and self- control and suggested clues to modify it (Jensen, 2014). These all increased the efficacy of DBT. While using DBT, the clients should be made to re-call positive memories and lowered self-esteem. Ask like traditional form of cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT), a guided exploration is needed in trance to help them to be aware of the methods to remove anxiety and lowered self- esteem. CBT with DBT will add values for the therapy as they involve both in modifying the behavior by destroying older behavior. The suggestions during hypnotic as well as post- hypnotic period could be used to guide patients with positive behaviors, which are triggered by certain events. Repeating and reinforcing the suggestions will activate the mirror neurons to conceptualize it efficiently. Repeated therapy sessions with introduction of various disruptions will down size the negative schema and maximize positive schema. Transcript of a session It is a most beautiful cold day with a lovely morning snow. You have stepped into a forest which is looks amazing with green trees.., blossoming flowers, birds, and walking through an oldest path of the forest towards the meadow. You are walking a long distance.. The meadow keeps stretching far into a great distance.. A slow and soft breeze waves your face, hair, cheeks.. you smell the sweet fragrance of a variety of colorful flowers which are bloomed.You see white color, red color, pink colored flowerswith butterflies sitting on the pollens.. sucks honeyhas multiple colors as greenish blue, violet.dark red antennae.. you have started to smile at your lipsone of the most beautiful butterfly..sits on your hands.you play with it..snow falls on your lips, face, hands.your lips looks as covered with the meadow you see around yousmall parrots.with light..greenish color..bright red.. beaks..flies in front of younear your facecircles you..sits on your shoulder.sees you..you smile at parrot parrot flies.and sits on a snow filed.tree.dark green trees..you love to sit at its branches..with flowers on it..you wanted to.pluck the flowers.as burden.in your life..keep burdens below.your feet..relax. again snow started falling.on you..you walk slowly..in the forest with meadowan orange flower..touches the legs.looks so lovely.you pickedup the flower.in your hand you smell it..smellsmell.relaxrelax..relax deeply.breathe deeply..relaxmove.out.your.. worries..relaxfrom.your.headbreath.deeply.relax your..face.nose..neck..shoulders..left.right.chest..your upper- backleft arm..right armabdomen..pelvic area..thighs.left.rightkneesleftright.. calvesfeet toesremove your worries.sufferings..fell.calm...relaxed..free of tensionsworries..sufferings..sun shine slowly on your back.you feel little warm..nicefeelings..you see a chimney..reddark redcolor.you walk..towardit..you seea terraceof a beautiful house..coveredwith snows.looks white.pure whitecoloryou see a chair..in front of it.black .colored..you siton it..think..about event..that makes.you feel anxious..tensed..send..thatevent.tothe.cloudsin.the sky.movingfastcarriesyour.your worries.sufferings.watchthe clouds..your worriesare movingits disappearing.disappearing.relax.relax..yourfeelingsof..feelings of. anxiousnessgone,disappearedyour are free from tension.free.your heart rate is regularrelaxed.see the snow.meltsslowly.as the sunshinesslowly on it..your anxiousness, worries..sufferings.meltsgradually meltsas ice. You see. a well you begin.. to walk. towards it ... walk closerand closer to its edge .....has 9 foot circles..leading to a ground..you kneel.downto look down.you feel cool breeze..keep coming from its bottom..smells as clean water you find stairs..in the inner wall of the well..you wanted to walk in the stairs..looks to have many stairs.like you with worries..many stepsyou wanted to walk through itlike you wanted to get rid of worriesanxiousness..you keep your right foot on the 1st stepyoulook there are 15 stepsyou look down..steps are.going deeper and deeper.. you seea clam..relaxed place..safe placefree form worriesyou step down.15.14 step.you place your right handon the rock walls..on the sides of the well.. rock walls with stonestoo soft to touch.too coldto touch.looks velvety.seems like old walls..you step into step 13you feel safe..you hold the walls nicely.you are excited to see the deep of the well.you step down one by oneto 12.you see you are nearing deep into the well..step 11.you gain confidencethat you can reach the well without sufferingsworrieslike you reach good outcomeafter sufferings in your life.you could see the inside of the well good than beforeyou step down to 10you are free from worries.you have left all your worriesyou are going to be free..from sufferingsyou step into987.you are closely nearing6..you are getting down..by holding the walls5..4.3you are too close to achieve your goal..2you are much excited..1yes only one step to reachto get rid of your worries and sufferings..then you step intothe bottom..you have achieved your goal.you see fresh smelling water.flows..flows.you see. water is flowing .to from a stream.You claim again into all the stepslike.you are destroying all the obstaclesyou are proceeding to leave all your worries..you have reached the top of the well. just then you see a stream of waterflowing streamrunning in between meadowwater if flowingrelaxrelax.let your worriesflow like a water..relax..water is runningyour worries are..running out from you.relaxits keep running..worries have goneit has completely gone..a boat comesnear you.small boat..no one is inside the boatyou tryto get into the boat.pull the boat..take yourright leg.keep it inside the boat.hold your hands properly on the boattake effortkeep leg inside the boat.you see a small benchyou siton it..very small bench..you paddle the boat..its moving..slowlyslowlyslowly.your anxiousness.sufferingsworries are moving out slowlyas the boat moves.your anxiousness.sufferings.moves out of youboat reaches...you are free from worries..slowly gaining consciousnessslowly open your eyes.. Research- academic articles- 1 Halsband et al (2009) has conducted a study on the plasticity changes in brain during both hypnosis and meditation. It states that hypnotic trance induction as modified states of consciousness that emphasize attention, concentration and the letting go of thoughts, but they differ in terms of sensory input, processing, memory, and the sense of time. Hypnosis is based on the suggestibility of a person. In this study, they have analyzed the shared as well as non shared neural- substrates by using electro-encephalography, positron- emission tomography and functional type of magnetic- resonance imaging (fMRI). They noted that there was most pronounced changes in EEG only during deep hypnosis rather than light hypnosis (step- by- step induction) which is similar to the hypno-therapy induction for anxiety. They found that meditation shows more pronounced alpha frequency waves at frontal areas especially in higher amplitudes whereas it is pronounced mostly in central and temporal areas durin g hypnosis. PET imagery suggest that, during hypnosis an increased activation in the cortex of occipital lobe cortex and pre- frontal regions were seen which implies that hypnosis is most useful to relive anxiety. Hypnosis improves the memory and performances which are needed for an anxiety person with increased shivering, sweating and poor concentration. The researchers suggests that hypnosis changes the effective connectivity relationship between fusi- form gyrus, anterior part of cingulated- cortex and intra- parietal sulcus areas which is useful to change the disruptive behavior of a person with anxious feelings. It suggests that hypnosis will help to modify the older neural pathway (showing feelings of anxiety) to a newer neural pathway that was introduced by the hypno- therapist (Bretherton, unit 6). This study gives a clear understanding of the neural pathways that underlies meditation and hypnosis. For an anxiety patient, hypnosis should be induced by the hypno-therapist by mutual trance induction to trace out both acceptable and un- acceptable behavior and the triggers of unacceptable behavior. It will definitely help to re-direct triggers of un- acceptable behavioral response to travel through a different neural pathway. Thus, hypnosis will help to identify the altered behavior, satisfy their emotional needs and induce a dif ferent behavior. The study findings suggest that, hypnosis will help to modify the features of anxiety with behavioral symptoms as withdrawn feature, avoiding triggering situations and physical symptoms as increased heart beat, shortness in breath, vomiting, etc. Further research is needed with large sample size to generalize the findings. The study findings help to treat anxiety through hypnosis by embedding the suggestions in the post hypnotic state (Bretherton, 2014). At this time, the better responses to a trigger will be noted and the client will be helped to move out the negative thoughts and to acquire new behavior. Hypno- therapy causes increased neural- plasticity, relaxation, increased feelings of empathy (which is from mirror- neuronal activity as well as an attachment- support), decreased stimulation of hippo-campus with increased feelings of well- being. Therefore, hypnosis is well suited to treat anxiety disorders and to replace triggers with sense of comfort, relaxed feeling with impro ved self esteem and self confidence. Research- academic articles- 2 Posneret al (2016) has studied about the relation between brain- states with hypnosis. This study has reviewed various research studies related to hypnosis. It states that hypnosis helps to understand the brain systems regarding hypnotic activities and neural networks arising from specific activations of brain based on the analysis of intellectual (cognitive) and emotional aspects is obtained by hypnosis (Posner et al, 2007). The study conducted by Raichle (2001) reveals that hypnosis helps to analyze the differences in performance of tasks. These findings suggest that hypnosis will be helpful to analyze various (cognitive and behavioral) aspects of anxiety. The study states that the brain state influences the psychological performance of a person that is related to his achievement. Hence hypnosis could be used to study the achievement of a person which is similar to anxiety person with poor achievement and performance (Raz et al, 2011). The hypnotic state maintains increased connect ivity of anterior- cingulate with para- sympathetic nerves (Tang, 2009) which proves that hypnosis is best management technique to relieve anxiety. It is evident from the above mentioned study by Halsband in 2009. The study by Kounios (2009) proposes that the brain- state affects the process of in-sight achieving at the time of problem solving. Even sensory and sleep deprivation will influence brain- states affecting ones performance. It suggests that hypnosis is needed to identify the brain- state affecting performance. The anxiety persons will have sleep disturbances and poor concentration affecting their performance. The control of cognitional and emotional response is based on brain- networks related to attention which may change with development that is related to parietal, frontal cortex and sub- cortical regions. It clearly states that sense of anxiety varies based on ageing of brain networks. The control systems during infancy are based on orientation to external- stimuli, w hich continues to adult stage and is dominated by an executive network that is controlled by a person's goal. So targeting control systems of infancy period will modify the anxiety behaviors. The transition in brain- control networks is based on the gene of a person as anxiety disorder is due to hereditary influence (Beyond blue, n. d.). Raz in 2005 has studied about the relation between COMT- gene and susceptibility for hypno-therapeutic suggestion. Many studies were conducted which shows that the variations in genetic make- up of the COMT- gene are highly related to the execution of attention, especially the ability of a person to solve the conflict. A longitudinal study also suggests that there is a great association between the changes in the COMT- gene with early development of a child and during 2 years old, this gene is found to be strongly related to a certain task (Voelker, 2009) that seems to include particularly the orientation network. These findings portrays that anxiety is mainly due to the genetic changes in COMT- gene and hypnosis is needed for these patients to gain attention and ability to solve problems. Personal reflection The present case of Mrs. X with anxiety disorder helps me to clearly understand about the type of history to be collected with previous medical history, family history, understanding the problems (physical, emotional, behavioral symptoms) and various interventions applicable for Mrs. X. It has helped me understand about Distributive- Behavioral Technique, its uses, process in anxiety and lower self esteem. I have learned about the steps of Distributive- behavioral technique and how to perform this technique in patients. I have also understood that it could be used for other disorders as depression, insomnia, etc for old age people. The article review of two articles portrayed the effect of hypnosis on brain state and brain- plasticity. I have learned about the technique of the therapy and how to get rid of anxious feelings for person. Overall, this case study helped me to conduct hypno-therapy treatment for persons with anxiety disorders. I am much confident in performing distributiv e- behavioral technique. Reference Ajzen I.Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. England:Open University Press; 2005. 142 p. Alladin, Assen. Handbook of Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Depression: An evidence-based approach. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland. 29. p Anxiety and depression: An Information booklet. Australia: beyond blue ltd; n. d. 9, 12, 27, 30 p Bogels SM, Alden L, Beidel DC Voncken M. Social Anxiety Disorder: Questions and Answers for the DSM-V.Depression and Anxiety. 27: 168-189 p Bretherton G. UNIT 9- Tools in hypnotherapy. 2014. Australian Hypnosis and Training. Cully, Jeffrey A Andra L. A Therapists Guide to Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: n. d. Defazio J, Jones J, Tennant F Hook S. Academic literacy: The importance and impact of writing across the curriculum a case study:Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning.2010; 10(2): 34-47 p. DSM- V. Diagnostic Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder and Depressive Episodes: American psychiatry association; 2013. 9. Fehr SS. 101 Interventions in Group Therapy [Internet]. 2016: 12 p. Available from https://www.google.co.in/?gfe_rd=crei=urcJWJ-BOazT8gerkoK Green JP, Laurence J Lynn SJ. Hypnosis and psychotherapy: From Mesmer to mindfulness. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2014; 1(2): 199-212. Gurgevich S. Healing with hypnosis [Internet]. Available from https://www.healingwithhypnosis.com/self-hypnosis-articles/improve-your-skills.aspx Halsband U. Plasticity changes in the brain in hypnosis and meditation. 2009 Dec; 26(4). doi:1002/ch.386: 194- 215 p Jensen MP Patterson DR. Hypnotic approaches for chronic pain management: Clinical implications of recent research findings. American Psychologist. 2014; 69(2): 167-177. Jensen et al. Mechanisms of Hypnosis: Toward the development of a biopsychosocial model: Ibid. 2014 Kounios J, Beeman M. The Aha! Moment: The cognitive neuroscience of insight.Current Directions in Psychological Science.2009;18:210216. Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science.Annual Review of Psychology.2007;58:123.[PubMed] PosnerMI Rothbart Brain states and hypnosis research. Conscious Cogn. 2011 Jun; 20(2): 325327. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2009.11.008 18. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.2001;98: 676682.[PMC free article][PubMed Raz A, Campbell NKJ. Can suggestion obviate reading? Supplementing primary stroop evidence with exploratory negative priming analysis.Cognition Consciousness.2011;20:312320.[PubMed] 20. Raz A. Attention and hypnosis: neural substrates and genetic associations of two converging processes.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis.2005;53:237258.[PubMed Robbins S.B Button C. Intervention effects on college performance and retention as mediated by motivational, emotional, and social control factors: Integrated meta-analytic path analyses: Journal of Applied Psychology. 2009; 94(5): 1163-1184 p. Segal V, Williams M Teasdale D. Mindfulness- based cognitive therapy for depression. [Internet]. 2013: 12 p. Available from https://books.google.co.in/books?id=w7yp8F3kpOoCprintsec =frontcoverdq=treatment+for+depressionhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjN1YGgq-vPAhXIz1QKHYHmAnIQ6AEIMzAA#v=onepage q=treatment%20for%20depressionf=false Tang YY, Ma YH, Feng HB, Hu B, Lin Y, Fan M. Central and autonomic system interaction is altered by short term meditation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.2009;106:88658870.[PMC free article][PubMed] Voelker P, Sheese BE, Rothbart MK, Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Variations in COMT gene interact with parenting to influence attention in early development.Neuroscience.2009;164(1):121130.[PMC free article][PubMed] Walters, Catherine Havens. Hypnotherapy for Health, Harmony and Peak Performance: Expanding the goals of psychotherapy. New York: Brunner/Mazel, Inc; 1993. 37 p.

Suzuki Media Plan

Background Suzuki began operations 105 years ago by producing weaving looms to the silk industry in Japan. Twenty years later, Michio Suzuki had to patent his products to prevent replication. During this period, he managed to protect over 120 machineries and exported most of his inventions to other countries. Since the 1900’s Suzuki has improved its innovations through a careful study of the market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Suzuki Media Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company came up with the first trail car in 1937 (Global Suzuki, n.d.). Suzuki made huge sales until the beginning of WWI when the Japanese government deterred citizens from owning personal cars following the heavy traffic they caused. By 1951, the company embarked on full production of weaving looms, but one year later, the cotton industry collapsed causing major losses for Suzuki. It forced the company to develop products that would ease traffic in Japan. Most companies began producing bicycles, and Suzuki took the opportunity to develop motorcycles. Suzuki brand positioned itself through originality. It ensured development of unrivaled products while improving their innovations annually. Suzuki mostly targeted the middle-income civilians who needed small, comfortable, and cost effective locomotives. In 2011, Suzuki assumed the 10th position among multinationals dealing in the manufacture, assembly, and sale of automobiles. In 2013, Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA) rated Suzuki, as the country’s second greatest producer and distributor of automobiles (Global Suzuki, n.d.). Suzuki’s ownership is a family affair considering that its current Chief Executive Officer is Osamu Suzuki. Suzuki’s venture into small cars including the Maruti 800 was its marketing strategy for developing countries especially India, Uruguay, and Latin American States. Marketing The 4Ps of ma rketing include product, price, promotion, and place. They influence the brand position of an organization in the target market. Product In 1955, Suzuki focused on the production of motor vehicles that had a fuel capacity of between 36cc to 300cc. Today, the company vehicles have a fuel capacity that goes beyond 950cc. Suzuki Suzulight was the first innovation with a 36cc capacity. The company manufactured it in order to fulfill the growing demand for automobiles following the conclusion of WWI.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For an affluent market, Suzuki mostly offers the guzzlers and SUVs (Global Suzuki, n.d.). In Latin America, Suzuki seeks to take a similar approach, as the Indian market. It will introduce Maruti 800 since the Latin American market seeks affordable products that are easy to maintain. In addition, Suzuki India provides all the spare parts needed for th e Maruti to function. Price Suzuki will import both second hand and new Maruti 800 to the target Latino market. A brand new Maruti will cost between $8823 and $8430 (Global Suzuki, n.d.). On the other hand, a second hand vehicle will cost a Latino between $5924 and $6100. Many factors will determine the variations in pricing including the consumers’ bargaining power. Other determinants will include political stability, technological development, and economic position of Latin America. Recession is a likely economic impediment to reduction in prices of the Maruti’s. This company targets audiences with different products and prices. Small cars are on a high demand because of their high speed, low fuel consumption, and affordability. It would be the best idea to introduce Maruti 800 into the market that highly demands these products. Place Suzuki’s location in over 20 countries across the world signifies its strong presence in Europe and the Americas. Besides, it h as branches in India and Uruguay making it possible to provide services to the North American market. India’s Suzuki Corporation majorly manufactures the Maruti 800 making it possible to supply the Latin American market with these products (Global Suzuki, n.d.). Maruti manufacturers create it for hectic tasks even though it cannot carry heavy materials. It has the ability to maneuver through rocky areas, as it uses limited fuel and can access both urban and suburban areas. In Latin America, Suzuki will supply Maruti 800 in Brazil, Uruguay, and El Salvador, including other areas of Latin America. The Maruti 800 serves terrains in Africa and India; there are high possibilities that it will serve Latin American States properly. Promotion Promotion refers to short-term incentives that seek to improve sales. Suzuki has been supporting sporting activities since the 90’s. This provides it with the requisite exposure for brand positioning of its products. In addition, it posts advertisements around stadia during sporting events.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Suzuki Media Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company advertises on newspapers and television stations across the globe as well. Its most successful advert increased the purchase of Suzuki Chevrolet from 1985 to date. Through Rizla Suzuki MotoGP competition, many European markets learnt about Suzuki products in 2006 (Global Suzuki, n.d.). Other events include rallies that Suzuki supports. In other occasions, different sponsors often support events organized by Suzuki. Suzuki equally uses social media to reach out to audiences on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn among other avenues. Industry Information Suzuki belongs to the manufacturing industry. It deals in the design, assembly, and marketing of automobiles in its 23 subsidiaries across the world (Global Suzuki, n.d.). Many external factors influencing sales in the a utomobile sector include politics, economics, technology, and competitor information. Politics A stable political platform provides an opportunity for companies to thrive. Politics influence relations between countries and citizens. This influences the exchange rates of currencies in the targeted countries. Latin America has an unstable political ground. Investors in these countries need to develop risk measurement policies in their media plans in order to develop solutions to business stability even when wars occur. Economics In the past three years, Suzuki engaged in extensive financial training of individuals in Latin America. The company realized that financial illiteracy makes it difficult for consumers to make wise decisions before purchasing products or services. In its attempts to market Maruti 800 in Brazil, Suzuki imported trainees from Peru to teach Latin Americans how to observe financial trends including differences in exchange rates (Global Suzuki, n.d.). This will hel p Suzuki in attracting several Latinos who will have interest in Suzuki stocks. However, other financial factors such as inflation are beyond the control of Suzuki and General Motors (GM) among other players in the market. When recession occurs, it increases the cost of importing used Japanese cars, and new ones; this would increase the price of the imported products, which could interfere with sales. Technology Product development at Suzuki requires sufficient technological input. Technology assists in research, marketing, online banking, and other cost effective activities. Suzuki needs to venture into a market that understands technology properly. It should have an advanced technological community that would carry out online transactions for shipment purposes. Business trends shifted towards online support systems in the 20th century (Katz, 1995), and Suzuki needs to ensure that the Latin market understands these concepts properly.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competitor Information Competition from direct and indirect rivals often influences the business strategies adapted by various organizations. In Latin America’s oligopoly market, Suzuki is likely to face direct competition from Toyota and General Motors. An oligopoly market refers to an economy that receives investors and ensures fair distribution of the market share (Katz, 1995). This makes all companies significant to economic growth as opposed to a monopolistic market that focuses on the success of a single investment. Even though Latin America has an oligopoly market, a few investors have outlets in that part America. Toyota and GM are major competitors who invested in Latin America in the mid 90’s. Both GM and Suzuki manufacture automobiles that use the least amounts of fuel; this happens in order to capture the middle-income market in Japan and other targeted countries. According to Sarrazin (2011), Toyota understands the Latin American market well since among th e competitors, it has the longest history in North America. The oligopoly market provides equal room for expansion irrespective of company reputation, size, or ownership. Competitors Financial Information In 2009, GM filed for insolvency because its target market strategy did not succeed. It provided customers with Saturn and Hummer brands even though the Latin American market majorly sought affordable and easy-to-maintain cars. Following a change of strategy in 2012, GM accrued a profit of 3% from the increased purchase of the fuel saving vehicles (Bennett, 2014). The 2008 sales were the least promising with a 23% reduction owing to the poor entry strategy. It entered the market in 1925, and today sells its stock at 11.7 crore for the Latin American market. By the end of the fiscal year 2013, GM made a profit of over $797 million (Bennett, 2014). Toyota’s financial position in Latin America explains its stay in the country since 1990. In 2005, Toyota introduced the Innovativ e International Multi-purpose Vehicle (IMV) following the urgent need for affordable and cost effective automobiles in Peru. This followed a profit reduction of 19% in 2000 because it focused on selling guzzlers. In order to succeed in this market, Suzuki should sell the Maruti 800 alongside farm tractors because of the agricultural landscape. Brand Positioning Toyota and GM are overly careful about the cost of branding their products. Lately, the two assumed an online approach to advertisements, which save space, and money. Online advertising also has many audiences who access social media and the internet. Concerning the adverts, they often critique the adverts or products of the competitors. Toyota and GM are major players in this market, and there are advert slogans that state, â€Å"The better choice.† In a market infiltrated by two companies, such slogans are likely to attack the opponent. Other avenues of advertisement include sports sponsorships and erection of billbo ards on major highways. Even though Toyota accessed the market first, most Latinos prefer GM products because of their diversity (Ogier Bamrud, 2011). People get variety of products depending on price, quality, and products. GM also uses mergers to enhance its brand image. A prospective merger is with Fiat and Opel because the two have a strong presence in Latin America. Suzuki has prospects of venturing the market through Brazil. It needs to focus on adverts that support football in order to acquire public goodwill. Pricing Prado, Chrysler, and Saturn are most of the cars sold in Latin America. The response level towards the products was low since the prices range between $23,529 and $47, 000 (Sarrazin, 2011). Toyota, Opel, and GM currently engage in production of cost-effective and eco-friendly cars in order to attract the target market. These cars are almost 10 times low the price of the initial cars. Even though the competitors manufacture cars only, Suzuki produces variety of automobiles. If the target population fails to respond positively to Maruti 800, they are likely to purchase motorcycles, tractors, or bicycles. Pricing tactics are important to marketers; they need to learn from competitors. Media and clients equally provide sufficient information concerning pricing, and manufacturers need to respond proactively to such data. Suzuki should analyze annual financial reports of its predecessors in the Latin American market. This will enable it make an excellent decision concerning place of investment. Product GM manufactures and distributes Saturn, SUVs, Cadillac Escalade, Chevy varieties, and Sierra among others. The company brought in about 400, 000 different varieties of vehicles in order to serve the American market. Most of these vehicles had a good response in the US, but few Latinos had interest in the classy cars. If the merger with Opel becomes successful, GM will equally distribute Chrysler, which enjoys positive response from the United Sta tes’ market (Ogier Bamrud, 2011). GM exports such vehicles because its target market has a population of many affluent people and many poor people. The socio-economic difference is huge and provision of different products is an advantage to a manufacturer. Innovative International Multi-purpose Vehicles that Toyota developed are cost-effective since they consume limited amounts of fuel (Takahashi, 2014). Today even the Land Cruiser, Vitz, and Demio varieties are relatively small, but heavy duty. Introducing Maruti 800 into the Latino market will compliment efforts made by competitors. Maruti 800’s media strategy succeeded in the African and Indian markets. There is a high possibility that Latinos will embrace the automobile. Place Before determining the place of marketing, competitors assess the response levels to products manufactured by rival groups. Latin America demands for affordable services because the states still strive to fulfill primary needs. It would be u nfair to introduce expensive cars in countries that barely access luxurious commodities. According to Ogier and Bamrud (2011), GM invests in Brazil because the country responds positively to the Saturn Vue. Brazil is a country that hosts many footballers who would be willing to purchase expensive cars. Secondly, in comparison to other Latin American countries, Brazil has the greatest population and physical size. Brazil’s fame in Latin America makes it accommodate immigrants who show interest in foreign automobiles such as GM cars. Suzuki is likely to choose Brazil because of similar factors. GM’s showroom in Mexico enabled the company sell over 900, 000 cars since 1925 (Ogier Bamrud, 2011). Toyota invests in Peru, El Salvador, Venezuela, and Uruguay among other states. As such, Suzuki should explore other markets such as Argentina and Costa Rica in order to gain a competitive advantage. The following chart best explains competitor investment in Latin America. Extern al Information Many factors influence the ability to invest in a foreign country. They include politics, economy, technology, and legal procedures. Politics Politics determine the inter-boundary relations between States. It also determines the relationship between a government and the citizens. Moreover, it exists in the relationship between rivals in a target market. When Suzuki invests in Latin America, it should assess the growth potential in the states by reviewing profiles of other competitors. There is a possibility that the progress of competitors such as Toyota in Latin America could equally apply to Suzuki’s progress in the same place. According to Katz (1995), a politically stable country negotiates monetary exchange rates reasonably. It saves resources for public gain; this reduces the cost of taxation. Most Latin American States have unstable political grounds, which adversely affect businesses. Economics Inflation influences major decisions in this industry. Foll owing the 2009 to 2011 worldwide recession, companies developed media plans that had financial risk management measures. Inflation also influences exchange rates between countries. Considering it is an external factor, Suzuki cannot control it. Instead, it needs to develop a good strategic plan that will help it manage the unpredictable economic terrain in Latin America. Other economic factors that Suzuki needs to assess include the number of major and minor competitors in the target market. This will enable it establish showrooms in the most receptive states in Latin America. Technology Technology is a necessity in the current world. Companies take advantage of it to improve productive for marketing and distribution. Latin American residents should embrace latest technological advancements in order to ease Suzuki’s work in the North. In most cases, it is difficult to traverse a conservative culture when technological matters arise. The Suzuki Association of the Americas unde rstands that penetrating Latin America might be a challenge since most people uphold traditional cultures in doing business and in their thinking (Global Suzuki, n.d.). This might affect technological breakthrough in the country. Suzuki will have to introduce simple aspects of technology during the entry level, and later discuss complex technological matters. Legal Countries have dissimilar tax policies and legal procedures. In Latin America, Suzuki will have to abide to the government regulations in the target country. Suzuki should respect the Equal Employment Opportunities Code (EEOC) in order to avoid any scandals with the public. EEOC standards oppose inequality, gender discrimination, racial prejudice, and other issues that prevent minorities from getting equal employment opportunities. Besides complying with EEOC standards, Suzuki needs to embrace ethical work standards. It should have a code of ethics that all employees follow across different showrooms. Most companies that ignore legal and ethical issue often face scandals (Katz, 1995). A media response unit helps in redeeming brand image and winning public goodwill during such occasions. Current Users After introducing Maruti 800 to the African and Indian markets, it was evident that the car suited middle-income earners who sought to reduce traffic and fuel consumption. A similar case applies to Latin America. Users of Maruti 800 compliment its speed and ability to access various terrains (Global Suzuki, n.d.). In India and Africa, people use the car in both urban and suburban regions. The fact that it reduces congestion of public vehicles promotes its convenience to the suburban areas. People from such regions constantly seek markets in urban regions while acquiring resources from the rural areas. They choose Maruti since it maneuvers through different terrains. Maruti 800 has many traits including affordability, which is a principal factor to consider. India and Africa have huge populations of low and medium-income earners (Global Suzuki, n.d.). They have huge differences between the rich and the poor. This contributes to high poverty levels making it possible for people to acquire the basics only. Following the introduction of Maruti in this market, people displayed interest in ownership of cars for commercial purposes. Indians and Africans like Maruti 800 because of the low fuel consumption rate. A capacity of 300cc enables an individual to drive the car for almost two weeks without refueling. This encourages most people to own such models. Further, its maintenance is easy because of locally available spare-parts in various markets. Maruti 800 provides services for light-users because of its size. However, it does not damage easily; this reduces the cost of maintenance (Global Suzuki, n.d.). In summary, demographics and psychographics of audiences in India, Africa, and Latin America are close. They share related political and socio-economic challenges, and this shapes their mindset. The same applies to audiences who choose other cars from Suzuki, Toyota, and GM. References Bennett, J. (2014). General Motors Profit Falls 13%. The Wall Street Journal. Web. Global Suzuki. Suzuki Motor Corporation. Web. Katz, H. E. (1995). The Media Handbook. Lincolnwood, Ill., USA: NTC Business Books. Ogier, T., Bamrud, J. (2011). Company Report: South American Boost for General Motors. Latin Trade Group RSS. Web. Sarrazin, M. (2011). Toyota and its global strategy. Slideshare.  Web. Takahashi, Y. (2014). Toyota Aims to Top 10 Million in 2014 Global Sales. The Wall Street Journal. Web. This report on Suzuki Media Plan was written and submitted by user J0nah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nurses Essays

Nurses Essays Nurses Essay Nurses Essay (1) According to the Australian Indigenous Psychologists Association (2010): ‘The term cultural competency refers to a long-term, developmental process that moves beyond cultural awareness (the knowledge about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people primarily gained through media resources and workshops) and cultural sensitivity (knowledge as well as some level of direct experience with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people). Cultural competency emphasizes the idea of effectively operating in different cultural contexts: knowledge, sensitivity, and awareness programs o not include this concept. Cultural competence aims to reduce barriers to high quality care experienced by Indigenous people and is directly linked to improving social and emotional wellbeing and mental health outcomes. ’ Cultural Competence What is cultural competence? Cultural competence is the ability to interact effectively with people across different cultures. It has four components: * Awa reness of ones own cultural worldview (assumptions, biases) * A positive attitude towards cultural differences * Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews * Cross-cultural communication skills What is cultural competence in health care? Culturally competent health care providers provide the best possible care for all their clients and work in the most productive way with all their colleagues. Everyone has a culture Cultural competence begins with the recognition that we are all born, raised and living in social, educational and organisational cultures. These cultures shape our assumptions, beliefs, values and behaviours. When we interact with others, the similarities and differences between our cultural expectations often make the interaction both more interesting, and more challenging. In a health setting, these challenges must be met if we are to provide equitable, appropriate and accessible services to all our clients. Competent practitioners are culturally competent A person who is culturally competent can communicate sensitively and effectively with people who have different languages, cultures, religions, genders, ethnicities, disabilities, ages and sexualities. Culturally competent health staff strive to provide services that are consistent with the clients’ needs and values firstly by acknowledging them, and secondly by, wherever possible, responding to them appropriately. Health care practitioners need to develop a broad repertoire of skills, knowledge, attitudes, perspectives and practices which they can use to enhance their cultural competence and direct their relationships with clients and colleagues. Cultural competence is about organisational competence It is very difficult to operate as a culturally competent practitioner without organisational support. SESIH is strongly committed to equality for clients and staff, and continues its commitment to the policies and principles of multicultural health. Benefits of a culturally competent workforce Lack of cultural competence impacts on both clients and staff. Clients who feel that their concerns have not been understood, who feel they have been dismissed or ignored, or who have not received optimum services because of their cultural background or ethnicity or language will find it hard to develop a sense of trust in a practitioner or a service. Culturally competent health staff build trust and respect which leads to increased client satisfaction and improved health outcomes such as a better use of the staff and clients’ time, more accurate information, and more effective and acceptable outcomes for staff and clients. Cultural competence benefits everyone. Why is culture so important in health care? Because health care is cultural. Although the scientific bases for medical treatment and care is considered ‘objective’, the way that we choose and use health services, whether we accept a diagnosis, how we decide if we will continue with a particular medical treatment, and the sorts of questions we ask health staff are all culturally influenced. Staff need to recognise the beliefs and values that affect our health decisions and take account of them when treating us (2)

Critical analysis on two primary research papers Essay

Critical analysis on two primary research papers - Essay Example The aim of this analysis is to assess these two articles and how well they follow general research standards and the use of (appropriate) methods. As a core requirement in the presentation of a scientific argument a paper has to begin by introducing the topic chosen in terms of a â€Å"research question" and a â€Å"hypothesis† (a â€Å"preliminary†, i.e. ahead of the actual research, answer to the question). It should then proceed by clearly stating the aim of the research and how the authors propose too â€Å"explore the problem† by comparing to other â€Å"literary source and concept†. Importantly, such published articles need to define the â€Å"setting† and/or the â€Å"sample† and qualify these and the literature in terms of a particular set of â€Å"methods† to be used and deemed appropriate, be they person-oriented and qualitative, or of a more quantitative nature, or a mix of the two groups. Following the method, is the †Å"results-section†, an analysis and discussion of the data collected. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are made, and including discussion how the study has tested the research question. Limitations of one’s findings should also be noted (Rees, 2003). The Research Process Research, the search for knowledge and problem-solving, is a process of adding to knowledge (Ellen, 1984). By this understanding, research is an ongoing process. There are, however, certain procedures to be followed and standards to be adhered to, be they of an â€Å"inductive† (experimental: â€Å"arriving at a theory based on facts†) or â€Å"deductive† (â€Å"facts are organized to match theory†) nature. Based on this division, one arrives at a â€Å"positivistic† and â€Å"relativistic stance†, resulting in a contrast of â€Å"explanation† (deduction, positivism) and â€Å"understanding† (induction, relativism) (Bowling, 2002, pp. 117-3 2; Alexander, 1983; Gellner, 1985). â€Å"The contrast has been exemplified by the different emphases placed upon structure and upon process; upon positivist, empiricist observation as against intellectual inference and propositions about deep structures of society; by notions of detachment and objectivity opposed by more subjectivist views; by assumptions of validity and certainty of generalisation set off against those of ambiguity, uncertainty of findings. Such contrasts are not unilineal; they often overlap† (Firth, 1992, p. 215). Firth’s last sentence is revealing. Contrasts between a quantitative and qualitative approach are often being set up but they do not refer to real differences in the end. It is, as another anthropologist notes, rather â€Å"a matter of degree† since both dimensions (induction and deduction) are indispensable for an understanding of other people and their worlds (Geertz, 1974). The alleged contrast is as straw man argument. Research question and hypothesis in the two articles 1. Brotherton, Abbott and Aggett’s (2006) article is about how percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding relates to the daily lives of adult patients. The authors aim was to explore that question (research question) from two perspectives, that of patients and carers. Their research question assumes (hypothesis) that the two parties hold different notions and models regarding the

Expression of Political Thoughts in Latin American Cinema 1980s Article

Expression of Political Thoughts in Latin American Cinema 1980s - Article Example The filmmakers of that era proficiently employed their skills and creative capabilities to reveal huge issues in front of the masses using examples of different individuals and their lives (Wilson, p127). For instance, the official story (1985) tells about the miseries of people that were taken away from their homes during the Dirty War took place in Argentine. Romero (1989), on the other hands, tells how the authorities use to brutally deal with the people who publicly talk against their unfair acts. In the same way, Missing (1982) tells the story of American journalist disappeared during the Chilean cope of 1973 in order to refer the prodigious missing of people during the war. These films are based on different situations and stories, however; the common theme among these movies is the portrayal of true incidents took place during the war and political turmoil in Latin America during the 1980s. â€Å"The official story† was directed by Luis Puenzo in 1985 that basically tells the tale of a woman’s odyssey from complacency to political awareness. It was produced after the demise of the regime of the last dictator of Argentine General Galteiri in 1983. The movie is based upon real events occurred in Argentina during the late 1970s and 1980s, collectively referred to as Dirty war. The movie describes the real political incidents took place in 1976 when the Jorge Rafael Videla reactionary military known as â€Å"junta† came into power in Argentine. The Junta rule suspended the parliament, unions and political parties. The dictator rule initiated the Dirty War during which thousands of people were exiled from their homes. The movie highlights the issue of the disappeared people and tells about the repression and torture being experienced by the people of Argentina at that time. In the movie, Norma Aleandro played the role of high school teacher Alicia that lives with her husband Roberto who was a wealthy businessman and lawyer and uses to remain engaged with the government. The couple adopted a little girl named Gaby from the political prisons and after some years Alicia became inquisitive to know about the parents of her adopted daughter.

Reality TV (Black Musical Artist) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The Strategies Of Marketing Mix Marketing Essay

The Strategies Of Marketing Mix Marketing Essay There can be many reasons for wanting to be internationalized like saturation in the home market, the desire of export your product and catch new type of customers in new markets, little opportunity to growth in the own countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ HM wanted to get a strong brand and arrive to the best cities and establish their shops. They are looking always for the best cities and places to build their shops in order to get more and more customers all over the world. When they decided to internationalized, their wish was to become in a great famous brand, and finally they got it, because as I said, it is a well-known company situate in 47 different countries which is also planning to build new shops in more different ones. (See appendix2) Target Market HMs primary target market is based on consumer both men and women between 18-34 years old. In order to satisfy the target customer, they produce good design clothes with good quality and all of that in very cheap prices, so that, the customers of HM are very satisfied with it because it offers them everything they want. (See appendix 3) Market Selection Criteria (Keegan, W., J. and Schlegelmilch, B., B., 2001) When a company wants to be internationalised in a new country it must answered this question so as to know exactly where to establish their brand: (See appendix 4) Which market is the best? Philippines Portugal As it can be seen in this two graphics, without a shadow of doubt it can be said that the most secure country to enter in is Portugal. First of all, although this graphics not shows the complete reason, it is the main reason for choosing Portugal. As it can be seen, in Portugal the corruption is really high, the government is not as competent as in Portugal, the infrastructure is not as prepare as in Portugal to be able to build storesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Finally, making the positive and negative points of each country, it is clear that Portugal is the best option not only because of these results, but also because the geographic location of the country. (Global Competitiveness Report, 2012-2013) (See appendix 5) Portugal OPPORTUNITIES THREATS POLITICAL Parliamentary representative democratic republic ECONOMIC High income mix economy The financial crisis ECOLOGCAL Many land hectares Ecology conservation Laws TECHNOLOGICAL Pioneer of technology The financial crisis FASHION INDUSTRY Growth in the industry The financial crisis LEGAL REGULATORY Control competition Not allowed aggressive competition (Technology Portugal, 2009) (Economy of Portugal, Wikipedia, 2012) (Politics of Portugal, Wikipedia, 2012) (See appendix 6) Competitors (See appendix 7) Indirect Competitors HM does not have many Indirect Competitors in the sector, however, there someone that are strong and that they are gaining presence in the online shopping: (See appendix 8) HM ASOS Direct Competitors As everywhere nowadays, in Portugal also there are many fashion retailers that are establishing their shops in many cities so as to get more benefits and became much more international brand. In the case of HM, it would have many competitors, and the main one it would be Inditex. (Retail Index, 2012) (See appendix 9,10,11,12) HM vs. Inditex The major competitor of HM is Inditex, this table shows what main differences are between them: Outsourcing of Core Activities Group Model Competitive advantage Segmentation Communication No own factories 80% is produced in Asia Cheaper Major margins 39,7% of cost upon sales Need to create collection well in advanced Single chain Major margins in the short run Collaborations with Luxury brands, singersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Own industries 40% is produced in Europe Major flexibility Major ability for growth 44,3% of cost upon sales New collection every 2 weeks Different Chains Major dynamism and growth in the long run Collaborations with new designers, actorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Moda Rapida, 2012) Customers in Portugal In all countries the customer do not have the same purchasing habits, how are the shopping habits of Portuguese young consumers? Factors that influence in clothing purchasing At the time of purchasing clothes, young consumer In Portugal prefers not to have anybody behind them asking all the time if they need any help, that is, they prefer to go to big stores and have a look for everything and then if they need any help ask to a staff although they think that are really impersonal places. They prefer to be free, they want to be comfort when they are shopping. Shopping Behaviour and the influence of others Portuguese young consumers prefer to go shopping alone for many different reasons: More freedom of movements: They like to go alone as they dont need to be all the time calling to the other persona come here, go there and so on. More independence in choice: Young consumers do not like to be influenced by anyone; they like to buy things without any other opinion, if they like it they would buy it without having anybody prejudicing them. Individual decision: As it is individual decision, nobody would be saying anything bad about the clothes. Purchasing choice criteria What are looking for the customers at the time of buying clothes? They based their purchase in some factors that finally are the ones that makes one to take the decision of buying one thing or another. Low Price Comfort Good Design Good Quality Brand Name Does not have any influence in purchasing criteria as nowadays almost all brands are equal. (Information sources and clothing,2012) (See appendix 13) Perceptual Map Low Quality High Price High Quality Low Price INDITEX CORTEFIEL MODALFA CA HM PRIMARK MANGO GAP In order to create the perceptual, I use my perception about the fashion brands in the world, that is, I collocated each of the company in the position that I perceive. As it cam be seen, in the same square we can find HM and Inditex, but for my point of view, although the price of it is more expensive, the quality is much better so that its positioning is greater than HMs one. Apart from this, it can be said that for young people, Cortefiel and Mango are so equal in the quality and in the prince and also GAP and CA although being so expensive, their quality is very high. Finally, as for the brands with the lowest quality, although their low price is so attractive for punctual occasions, customers prefer to buy in companies that offer them a major quality. Recommendation I really recommend HM to go to Portugal as it can offer many advantages to HM starting with its geographical location. Although the financial crisis is affecting many consumer, as HM has very low prices it can be a very good opportunity for the young people to get fashion clothes with their low income, so as nowadays the physical aspect is gaining importance, HM would find a very good opportunity in Portugal (About HM, 2012) Appendices Appendix: HM 1980/90 Stores open in Germany and Netherlands. Stores open in France, and the use of celebrities to the advertisements 1947 1977 1976 1974 1968 1964 1952 Sales of cosmetic started. First store opened outside Scandinavia, In London. Listed on the Stockholms Stock Exchange Hennes buy the fish store Mauritz Widforss, and the name is changed to Hennes and Mauritz. First store opened in a foreign country, in Norway. Hennes open in Stockholm First store open in Và ¤steras (Sweedem), with the name of Hennes 2012 Plan to open Bulgaria, Latvia, Malasya, Mexico and Thailand. 2011 HM open in Romania, Croacia and Singapore. 2010 First stores open in Soth korea and Turky. Monki goes to Asia, HM home open in Sweden. 2009 First store open in Russia and in Beijing. HM home is launched, Weekday and Monki open in Germany 2008 First store open in Tokyo. Adquisition of Weekday, Monki and Cheap Monday brands. 2007 First Asian store in Hong Kong and in Shanghai. Expansion of online sales. COS stores launched. 2006 Major expansion of online and catalogue sales 2004 Initiates designer collaborations with luxury brands 2000 Stores open in US, Spain and in many European countries. HMs presence all over the world HM world map.   Ã‚   300+ stores   Ã‚   200+ stores   Ã‚   100+ stores   Ã‚   50+ stores   Ã‚   20+ stores   Ã‚   10+ stores   Ã‚   1+ stores   Ã‚   Upcoming stores (HHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HM_world_map.svgHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HM_world_map.svgM world map, Wikipedia, 2012) HM Group HM as Inditex is completed by many different brands, that is, HM is group that is composed by some different brands: HM: It produces a broad and diverse range of fashion for men, women, youth and children, furthermore, it also sales cosmetic, accessories and products for home. COS It offers customers a combination of timelessness and distinctive trends, for both women and men. Monki: It is a very creative brand that offers to the customer the opportunity to express itself. Weekday: It offers urban fashion for men and women always at the best price. Cheap Monday: Cheap Monday combines influences from street fashion and subcultures with a catwalk vibe. HMs expansion strategy HM is so conscious at the time of opening new stores in other countries, that is, it thinks that the stores should make much stronger the brand and attract customer giving them the best shopping experience as possible. When HM is moving to a new country, so as to see if it would be profitable or not to enter in it analyses the political, economic, demographic, and infrastructural environment. It creates very modern stores in all the countries that it establishes its business so as to offer a great shopping time to the customer. Furthermore, it is working in making its stores much more ecological so as to save the world and do not damage it. HM is looking for a great expansion in the future; it is planning to open many new stores in many different countries, so as to create a very strong brand. HM SWOT analyses Strengths Brand recognition: Low Price and style: It has presence in al over the world and people know it because of the fashionable clothes that sales in a very cheap price Operational efficiency: As it has a great control in the logistic area, it is able to have low cost and maintain really good margins. Opportunities Untapped potential in emerging markets: As the lifestyle is changing everywhere, people is much more aware of its physical aspects, so that, the fashion is gaining presence. Internet retailing: The fashion industry is increasing every day, and nowadays with the help of internet they can growth in an incredible manner, it gave them a great opportunity to growth. Weaknesses Reliance on outsourcing: The reliance of Inditex products put HM in critical situation as Inditex appeals much more to customers. Modest presence in emerging markets: It a well-known brand in the whole world, but the major presence is only in Europe and in North America. Threats Non-food expansion of grocery retailers: Many supermarkets like Tesco, are thinking in competing in the clothe industry with HM. Fast fashion becoming more competitive: Its major competitor is Inditex, that also does fast fashion, but new competitors also are appearing very strong (Ryerson, 2009) Vertical Integration HM has a vertical integration strategy in which was pioneer establishing it some years ago. Due to this strategy, the company is now able to collect information about the sales and customers and use it in order to make a better strategy always so as to get more profits for the future and catch much more customer. (Europa.eu,2012) LCCP, GCCP or FCCP? In the case of HM, it can be said that this company is GCCP( Global Culture Cultural Positioning), as they are a multinational that they sale their self saying that the customer is part of the global family. Although they need to adapt maybe their strategy in each of different country, they sale their brand as a global company; actually all their products are the same in all countries, they offer the same products for the customers of different places, Being the part of the global family is the message that they are selling to the customers mind. Appendix: Internationalization Motives There are 2 kinds of motives that prompt the companies to internationalised, Proactive and Reactive motives. In the case of HM there some points inside those factors that do not have any sense, so only the main points are going to be explained. Proactive Motives Profit and growth goals All companies want to growth, and so as to get that the best option is to go abroad and establish their brand in new countries. This is one of the main reason why the companies want to internationalized, in order to become i and bigger and be well known in the whole work. Managerial urge It is a motivation that the managers of the business have; their motivation is to be part of a company that works all over the world. Foreign market opportunities/market information HM could see many opportunities to growth in foreign markets as is a company that have great presence all over the world. However, it is not established in all countries, so if it wants to become a bigger brand, it should observe what opportunities offered each country and see if it is profitable or not. Economies of scale-learning curve Being internationalized, offers HM the advantage of the economies of scale as it could produce high amount of clothes at the same time. (Hollensen, S., 2007) Reactive Motives Competitive pressure HM could be scared for example of the competitive pressure of Inditex as it has a great strategy that helps it to continue in the top level. If the company see that other brands are growing all over the world and that are gaining customers and getting profits, the no internationalised company also would want to get all that. So for that reason, HM would like to enter in more and more countries so as to be a great company. Domestic market: small and saturated HM was created in Sweden many years ago, but as the market was becoming so small to compete there, it decided to enter in new countries so as to growth its presence. Extend sales of seasonal products As maybe the demand in the home country is not very big and it does not give the opportunity for the company to get the desire profits, they would find new opportunities to get what they want in foreign countries. (Hollensen, S., 2007) Appendix: How to choose the target market? Targeting is the action of evaluating and comparing the different groups of consumers and chooses which is the most suitable for the company. Companies have to base their research in 3 points: Current segment and the growth: It will be enough profitable to the company to centre only in that segment? Competitive intensity and potential competition: If that segment has a great competition, it is suitable to enter in? Compatibility and feasibility: If that segment give problems to the companies, could another company catch them? (Keegan, W.J. and Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2001) When HM creates its brand he had surely been thinking about these points at the time of creating its designs. When the companies are creating their collections they must be thinking on the target market as they are the wanted customers and they should create those clothes that appeals to them. Appendix: Market selection Criteria Market Potential Here the company should analyse if the market satisfied completely the customer and also if the customers has the necessary ability to purchase the product that the old retailers offer them. (International market selection, 2004) Market Size: The companies need to observe how much of the market it can expect to could afford. Market growth: They have to observe how much have grown this sector in that country during all the years so as to know if they would find and increase or a decrease in the industry. Competitive Intensity: The Company have to make a great research relating with the competitors of the industry in that country so as to know in what position they are and how strong are the competitors. Entry Barrier: In all countries are entry barriers to foreign companies so as to protect the future of the home country industries. They should make many deals so as to finally get into a new market. Political Environment The government of a country affects a lot the business life because of the changing policies, regulations and laws. Furthermore, the government of each of the country is who choose which businesses will receive protection and which is going to face an open competition. Furthermore, the political stability of a country will affect the action that government will take, and finally that actions will have many influences in an enterprise. (Sirkeci, I. and Cawley, R., 2012) Economic Environment Nowadays the economy has change radically, due to that factor all countries are now potential targets for every company. When a company has to make research in global marketing, the economy dimension of the world is crucial as it has great influence in this point. (Keegan, W.J., Schelegelmilch, B.B., 2001) Demographic Structure The company should observe how has change the demographic in the objective country so as to control the evolution of the Target customer. Purchasing Power It has to know how is the purchasing power of the objective customer so as to know if they are going to get benefits or loses in that country. Infrastructure The retailer need to observe if the infrastructure of the country is good or not so as to build and factories in that country. The country must have strong infrastructure so as to build powerful companies, strong social, economic, aerialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦infrastructure. Appendix: Philippines and Portugal So as to choose the most appropriate country to enter in, many things must be analysed as it can be seen in the paper. However, not only those shown points are important, there many other things like the GDP, unemployment rate, population, innovationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ that should be take into account when an enterprise want to be opened in that country. Philippines Population: 93,6millions GDB per capita: 2,007$ Infraestructure: 3,1 Macroeconomic environment: 5 Goods market efficiency: 4,1 Labor market efficiency: 3,9 Having a look to these different score between 1-7, it is clear that Portugal it is clear that Portugal is much more secure country to establish their company. Although the most relevant dates had been explained before in the pages, this also are very important at the time of choosing the country to enter in. so finally, Portugal is the country that will be analysed for the report. Financial market development: 4 Technological readiness: 4,6 Portugal Population: 10,7 millions GDP per capita: 21,559$ Infraestructure: 5,5 Macroeconomic environment: 4,2 Goods market efficiency: 4,3 Labor market efficiency: 3,8 Financial market development: 4 Technological readiness: 5,3 (The Global Competitiveness report, 2012-2013) Appendix: Portugal Political Environment Portugal has a constitutional republic and a parliamentary system in which a semi presidential regime is establish. The prime minister is elected every four years and is the person who led the government, furthermore, the president of the government is elected every five years. (Doing business in Portugal, 2012) Economic Environment There can find many industries that has established their main company in Portugal, for example, in the case of Inditex, it has one factory there as the production is cheaper than in Spain. But although been a developed and high income country, it has the lowest GDP in Western Europe, and besides, the population has the lowest purchasing power of the European Union. (Economic of Portugal, Wikipedia, 2012) Regulatory Environment The Law 18/2003 In Portugal is create to maintain a competitive economy, not to have an unfair competitive and so heavy one. The law prohibited the company to make agreements that would affect the competition between economic agents in national territory. In addition to this, the companies are not allowed to make a very aggressive competition so as not to affect the sector in that country. (Doing business in Portugal, 2012) Fashion industry Nowadays the textile industry in Portugal represents just under the 10% of outputs. The situation in Portugal is not the best, but the companies that are surviving are having great profits, so people is seen as an optimist market. Many different brands produce their clothes in Portugal like Fred Perry, Inditex, Paul Smith because of the process is not as expensive as in other European countries, , however, although the industry is surviving, all the companies has suffered losses during the financial crisis. Every type of industry are suffering now due to the 2008 financial crisis, in many countries many companies closed their factories, nevertheless, the textile industry in Portugal is growing up again so slowly but is growing, every brand are getting now profits, so for HM it could be a great opportunity as the industry is having good results nowadays. Besides, it must be said that HMs strategy is very similar to Inditex ones, its clothes are so cheap and finally a country that is s uffering a lot because of the crisis , population wants to have the opportunity to buy cheap fashionable clothes. Inditex is having great results in the country, so as HM prices are cheaper, why it would not get many profits? Portugal as I said, can offer HM many great advantages. (UK reuters, 2012) Barriers to enter in country There many barriers in all countries for different companies that wants to establish their brand there are (Hollensen, S., 2007): General Market Risks The main barriers are the great competitiveness that HM could find in Portugal, the different culture and language, because the Swedish and Portuguese people are so different at the time of working and also the language is totally different. In addition to this, it is no easy to find a new distributor in a foreign country, they should make alliances an all of that work so as to get a great position, and finally, it must be said that it is a very difficult work to adapt all the company for that new culture and make a great company overseas. Commercial Risks Although Portugal is in Europe too, there are always delays in the delivering of the export products or some damages in them. Beside this, there are always changes in rates and that could have a great influence in the cost of a company. Political Risks This subject is a little bit special; companies have to take caution as politics have great influences in all countries. HM have to take into account how is the law of the exports in Portugal, what type of restrictions have impose the government, the thoughts of the citizensà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Opportunities of entering in the Portugal Investing in Portugal it would give companies many advantages for many different reasons (Doing business in Portugal, 2012): Strategic access to market Due to the Portugal economic openness and also because of its strategic geographical position it can offer great opportunities to different companies between EU and also different markets. As it has relations with Brazil and is near Africa, it offers great advantages so as to make exports and imports. Cost competitive, qualified and flexible workforce The Portuguese employers are known for having great attitudes at the time of adapting their self to new technologies, strategies and so on. Excellent environment to live and work It is a country that offers the companies very secure areas and ensure the security for their production, and so on as it is very pacific place. Infrastructure As during the last year Portugal has made great investment so as to modernizing its communication infrastructures, it is great country to establish a company as it can be adapted very easily to the new technologies that the company will bring with it. Appendix: Competitors Market 5 forces Threats of New entrance Rivalry among existing competitors Threat of Substitute products or services Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers (Keegan, W.J. and Schlegelmilch, B.B., 2011) Referring to HM, although it is a great company, its major competitor is doing everything much better than HM does. HM it would be the new entrance in that country and of course all those competitors like Inditex, Cortefiel and so on would be threat of it as they would need to fight with one more company. However, knowing that new entrance, those companies may start making much more deals with the suppliers so as to have the ability to offer much better products and service to their customers and not to lose them. Finally, HM has a great positive factor to the consumers that could be a great advantage to its competitors. It makes many alliances with famous designers like Versace, Moschinoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ so as to create new collection that are attractive to young consumers as they feel with higher status. Inditex should be worry about that as luxury brands are so attractive to consumers, but if it continuous doing a hard work it will be as everywhere the winner of the sector also in P ortugal. Appendix: ASOS ASOS is an online beauty store that provides the customer many products of different brands in very cheap prices. That is, the consumer can buy in the same website clothes from many different brands like Adidas, Armani, Topshopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it sales hundreds of brands, thats why it became so attractive to the customer, because it can find in the same place clothes from everywhere. ASOS was created firstly in United Kingdom in 2000, but them while it was gaining presence in whole Britain; it started going abroad and gaining presence in many countries of Europe. After that, the market of US was prepared to ASOS arrival as everyone wants to have the opportunity to buy many brands product in the same place. (ASOS, 2012) Appendix: MOFALDA Modalfa is a Portuguese fashion brand that offer the customer very fashionable clothes in a cheap prices. In Portugal, as I explained before, it is a great competitor for HM as it offers the customer similar opportunities as HM do. (Modalfa, 2012) Appendix: CORTEFIEL Cortefiel is the first brand created by Cortefiel group in 1946, which offer the customer an elegant and comfortable style with very high quality. With this personal style, Spanish brand has open its road to many countries and it is very strong competitor for many other companies. Its target customer is based on men and women between 35-45 years, and although HM is addressed to young people, finally all consumers are important for every company. (Cortefiel, 2012) Appendix: CA CA is a fashion company that has presence in 20 different countries of Europe. People have a very good perception about CA, it offers 10000 different products in all the countries, and although its high prices, the products have very high quality, the clothes lasts for years so people do not mind to pay more for those clothes. (CA, 2012) Appendix: Inditex The Inditex group is the most powerfull competitor of HM and as it, has many different brands inside that are very famous and makes the more and more strong everyday: ZARA: Zara has presence in 85 countries and it has opened 1671 stores in the best places of the cities. For Zara there is no any limit, they want to be in all the countries of the world in the future, and due to its great strategy it can get it as it is opening new stores every day. Pull Bear: It was create in 1991 especially for young people as it has very juvenile style. Is it one of the most profitable brand in terms of Urban clothes as every young people go there to get urban style clothes. Massimo Dutti: It has 567 stores spread in 53 different countries. It offers Urban and casual styles both for men and women, its target market is based on men and women adults, thats why the growth of the prices and the change in the style comparing with other brands. Bershka: It was launched in 1998 and nowadays it has 839 stores in 63 different countries, and as it is known, it appeals basically to the young target market. Stradivarius: It produces clothes, accessories, shoesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and its clothes are combination of elegant and hippie clothes that appeal a lot for young people. Oysho: Oysho sells the latest fashion trends in womens lingerie and intimate apparel Zara Home: It is specialised in home decoration and linen things that attract so much to women because of it reasonable prices. Uterqà ¼e: It is the newest brand of Inditex and it is the most expensive brand of the group. (Inditex group, 2012) Zara is the most powerful brand of the group, is the main competitor of HM alone as I said. In the above image appear where Zara has its stores. (Zara targetmap, 2012) Appendix: Customers The culture in which the consumers have been grew up have many influences in the priorities that the customers give to different activities an